Present Perfect

* Used to talk about unspecified time in the past.

* Also you can use for and since talking about action that began in the past and is still going on now.

 

source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L9EKqQWPjyo

 

Example: 

This is an amazing song written by Bob Dilan. It is called "Things have changed". This title uses Present Perfect tense.

 Present Perfect Progressive

Used to talk about something that started in the past and is continuing at the present time. 

source: https://open.spotify.com/track/1Uz4hbxBXIDjmoHAyVPZnF

Example: 

"I've Been Thinking About You" is a song by British-American band Londonbeat. The title uses Present Perfect Progressive tense.

 Past Perfect

Used to talk about an action that occurred before another action in the past.

source: https://www.grupooneair.com/chesley-sullenberger/

“We were in a situation we hadn’t trained for. All we had to go on was a brief classroom discussion and a few paragraphs in a training manual. We had to come up with something that would work in less than three and a half minutes.”

source: https://www.lexographicpress.com/sully

Example: 

In this interview about miracle on Hudson captain Sully Sullenberger uses Past Perfect tense: We were in a situation we hadn’t trained for. 

 

 

 Prepositions

Used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location etc.

                                              source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WoTLnaI1NEY

Example: 

"I'll meet you at midnight" is a song by the British band Smokie. The title uses Preposition at. 

 Modals

Used along with a main verb to express possibility, ability, permission, or necessity.   

source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dolly-Parton

"She must have had real strength of character as a young woman to defy people, including later in her recording career, when record label executives wanted her to tone down her look."

source: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/oct/09/dolly-parton-on-style-stardom-and-sexists-rockstar-behind-seams-my-life-in-rhinestones

Example:

In this article about legendary singer Dolly Parton modal must has been used.

 Comparative Adjectives

Used to compare two things.

source: https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250840622/dreamsbiggerthanheartbreak/

Example:

Dreams bigger than heartbreak is a book written by Charlie Jane Anders. The title uses Comparative Adjective "bigger than".

 

 

 Superlative Adjectives

Used to describe an object which is at the upper or lower limit of a quality.

 

source: https://www.kinoraksti.lv/domas/recenzija/straume-miluma-reabilitacija-1265

"Latvian filmmaker Gints Zilbalodis' animation film Flow has won the Best Animated Film award at the Golden Globes ceremony in Beverly Hills, US, on Sunday."

source: https://www.leta.lv/eng/home/important/30DBB95C-A14E-4FBE-BD3A-CDE2BD32AA19/

Example:

Superlative adjective the best used in this news paragraph. 

 

 

 Adjective Clauses

Dependent clause that describes a noun. 

 

"Because of a dog she ran over, she meets a retired judge who spies his neighbours' phone calls, not for money but to feed his cynicism."

source: https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0111495/

Example:

"Red" is an excellent movie directed by Krzysztof Kieslowski. This senctence is from its description and uses adjective clause who spies his neighbours phone calls. 

 Appositives

Adjective clauses which give extra information about something well known. 

"The Palace of the Parliament, former home to Romania’s most notorious communist leader, is the heaviest building in the world, weighing 4.10 million tons."

source: https://3seaseurope.com/peoples-palace-romania-bucharest/

Example:

In this interesting fact about Romania you can find appositive "former home to Romania's most notorious communist leader" which describes well known building - The Palace of the Parliament. 

Indefinite articles

Adjective Used with singular count nouns talking about things that are not specific, to introduce something for the first time or when you want to give general facts about a thing or person.  

source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nadia-Comaneci

"It’s an element so difficult that it still bears an ‘E’ rating in the sports’ Code of Points."

source: https://olympics.com/en/news/nadia-comaneci-gymnastics-perfect-ten-50-years-later

Example:

In this article about former gymnast Nadia Komaneci indefinite article an was used.

 

 

 Definite article

Used talking about something specific and talking about something you already introduced.

 

 source:https://www.worldatlas.com/lakes/caspian-sea.html

 

"The planet’s largest lake is shrinking fast. Experts fear it may never recover."

source: https://edition.cnn.com/2024/10/24/climate/caspian-sea-shrinking-pollution/index.htm

Example:

In this article about the Caspian Sea definite article the was used.

 

 

Quantifiers

Used to express the quantity of the object.

 

"She laughs, but the book is wonderful, documenting the dresses made from sacks she wore as a child, and her “coat of many colours”, sewn by her mother from fabric scraps, to the most lavish stage costumes. "

source: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2023/oct/09/dolly-parton-on-style-stardom-and-sexists-rockstar-behind-seams-my-life-in-rhinestones

Example:

Quantifier many was used in this article about legendary singer Dolly Parton.